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- MACINTOSH MIDI EVENTS AND INTERFACES
-
- ------------
- INTRODUCTION
- ------------
- All MIDI interfaces, whether for Macintosh, IBM PC, or other computers, are
- responsible for converting MIDI events originating in the computer software
- into a serial data stream on the cables connecting to various MIDI devices,
- or for converting from the serial data stream created by MIDI devices on the
- MIDI bus to parallel MIDI event transactions input by the computer.
-
- The serial MIDI cables that connect to and from the computer's MIDI interface
- are shielded, twisted-pair cables, terminated at each end in a 5-pin DIN
- plug. Pins 4 and 5 are connected to the twisted-pair, which carry the MIDI
- signal. The MIDI signals are isolated from one device (e.g., computer) to
- another (e.g., synthesizer) through the use of "Opto-Isolators", which
- serve to aid in noise reduction of the MIDI signals and also provide pro-
- tection in the event of a shorted or damaged cable or interface. The elec-
- trical interface is a 5 milliampere current loop, in which a logic-0 is
- represented by current ON.
-
- MIDI signals travel on the twisted pair at 31,250 bits-per-second, and are
- transmitted in groups consisting of a single "start-bit", 8 data bits, and
- a single "stop-bit". Thus, 10 bits are required to represent each 8-bit
- byte of data. Therefore, the effective data rate is 3,125 bytes-per-second.
-
- Typically, a MIDI event will consist of two or three 8-bit bytes of data,
- although certain MIDI events such as "system exclusive" can contain a great
- number of bytes. A "note-on" event, for example, requires 3 bytes to rep-
- resent the type of event, the note number, and the attack-velocity values.
- Other events, such as program changes, channel pressure, and the like only
- require 2 bytes.
-
- The MIDI specification allows each event to be associated with one of 16 MIDI
- channels (numbered 0 to 15, but sometimes referred to as 1 to 16 in some MIDI
- instrument documentation). The channel is transmitted as the lower 4 bits in
- the first byte of each "channel message" MIDI event. In addition to "channel
- messages", the MIDI data stream can contain "system common", "system exclusive",
- and "system real-time" messages.
-
-
- ---------------
- MIDI INTERFACES
- ---------------
- All Macintosh MIDI interfaces, with rare exceptions (e.g., the MacProteus
- NuBus card) are external "boxes" that connect to the computer's modem and/or
- printer ports and provide one or more pairs of MIDI IN and MIDI OUT connectors.
- The most inexpensive MIDI interfaces connect to either the modem or printer
- port and provide a single pair of MIDI IN and MIDI OUT connectors. More
- expensive and elaborate interfaces connect to both the modem and printer ports
- and provide two or more pairs of MIDI IN and MIDI OUT connectors. For example,
- the Opcode Studio Plus Two interface connects to both the modem and printer
- ports and provides two pairs of MIDI IN and MIDI OUT connectors, for a total
- of 16 channels per pair, or 32 MIDI channels in total.
-
- Even more expensive and elaborate MIDI interfaces, such as the Mark of the
- Unicorn's "MIDI Time Piece" interface connect to both the modem and printer
- ports and provide 8 pairs of MIDI IN and MIDI OUT ports, for a total of 128
- MIDI channels. The MIDI Time Piece (MTP) can be chained to another like MTP,
- and it to another, up to a total of 4 MTP interfaces. Together this maximum
- configuration offers a total of 512 independent MIDI channels, both input and
- output. The top-of-the-line MIDI software (e.g., Opcode's Vision and Mark of
- the Unicorn's Performer) provide the ability to support this large number of
- channels through a feature known as "cabelization", in which you designate to
- which cable a particular group of channels are assigned.
-
- Even the most inexpensive Macintosh MIDI interface (e.g., priced < $60) can
- accomodate the input and output of events on 16 MIDI channels. However, when
- an application requires the use of more than 16 channels, a more expensive
- interface will be needed. Generally speaking, all Macintosh MIDI software
- recognizes channels on both the modem and printer ports. Therefore, in most
- cases, channels are labeled M0-M15 and P0-P15 in the MIDI software.
-
- Even if your MIDI interface includes connectors for both the modem and printer
- ports, it isn't necessary to connect to both of these if only 16 MIDI channels
- will suffice for your needs.
-
- Opcode's new Studio 5 MIDI interface is a new type that incorporates a great
- deal of intelligence as well as the ability to handle a large number of MIDI
- channels. It connects to both the modem and printer ports and provides 15
- independent pairs of MIDI IN and MIDI OUT ports, for a total of 240 MIDI
- channels. In addition, it includes provisions for real-time "processing" of
- the incoming or outgoing MIDI data, adding support for "filtering", "note-
- range splitting", "channelization", "controller mapping", and "velocity and
- control-value modification". These features are similar to what have only
- previously been available in an external "Patchbay" rack-module. In the
- Studio 5, they are included in the price. The interface also boasts built-in
- MIDI Time Code and SMPTE Syncronization capabilities. It reads and writes all
- formats of SMPTE and converts to MIDI Time Code or "Direct Time Lock".
-
- Most MIDI interfaces come with cables that connect the interface to the
- computer. The interface will have two cables if both the modem and printer
- ports are used, or may just have a single cable to connect to either the
- modem or printer ports. In addition, the interface may have an internal
- power supply, or may have a "wall wort" that you plug into an electrical
- socket to supply either the AC or DC power required by the interface.
-
- Standard MIDI cables are used to connect the MIDI IN and MIDI OUT ports on
- the interface to the synthesizer or other MIDI equipment being used. If the
- MIDI setup includes more than one input device (e.g., keyboard and wind
- controller), then these must plug into individual IN ports on the interface,
- or a "MIDI Merger" box may be required to "merge" the two inputs into a
- single input for connection to the interface. Similarly, if a cable attached
- to the computer's OUT port is to be connected to more than one MIDI instru-
- ment, either the THRU ports on some MIDI instruments must be used to daisy-
- chain one instrument's input to another, or a "MIDI Splitter" box must be
- used to "split" the single cable into two or more.
-
-
- -----------------------
- EXAMPLE MIDI INTERFACES
- -----------------------
- Following is an abbreviated list of Macintosh MIDI interfaces, along with
- their capabilities, requirements, and mail-order (list) prices:
-
- Interface Name Ports Used Total Street
- Manufacturer M or P Channels Price
- ---------------------- ---------- -------- ---------
- Passport MIDI Interface M or P 16 $ 79.00
- MOTU MIDI Time Piece M and P 128 375.00
- Opcode Professional Plus M or P 48* 59.00
- Opcode Studio Plus 2 M and P 32 (199.95)
- Opcode Studio 5 M and P 240 (1295.00)
-
- -----
- * Some MIDI interfaces offer a different number of IN and OUT ports for
- connection to the MIDI bus. An example is the Opcode "Professional Plus"
- interface, which connects to either the modem or printer port, and offers
- three MIDI OUT ports and one MIDI IN port.
-